The Formal Model for Noctua pronuba (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae) representing a typical agricultural-landscape night-flying moth species for pesticide risk assessment

Formal Model Article Format

Food and Ecological Systems Modelling Journal 6: e165232
https://doi.org/10.3897/fmj.6.165232 (10 Dec 2025)

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Article title
Abstract
Key words
Introduction
Aims and purpose
Theoretical framework and modelling approach
Overview of processes
- Growth and development
  - Eggs
  - Larvae
  - Pupae
  - Implementation in the model
Phenology
- Foraging and activity
  - Larvae
  - Adults
  - Implementation in the model
- Reproduction
  - Implementation in the model
- Adult dispersal
  - Implementation in the model
- Mortality
  - Parasitoids and other biological agents
  - Implementation in the model
  - Pesticide responses
  - Intake exposure pathway
  - Overspray and contact exposure pathways
  - Toxicology
  - Other mortalities
  - Implementation in the model
  - Soil moisture
Discussion
- Behavioural and ecological complexity
- Pesticide exposure pathways
- Model limitations and uncertainties
- Implications for risk assessment
Framing the model
- Domain of applicability
- Key biological processes not included
  - Evolutionary and adaptive responses
  - Social information and learning
  - Microhabitat selection and refugia
  - Host plant quality and preference
  - Sublethal and transgenerational effects
  - Interactions with other species
  - Climate variability and extreme events
  - Mortality dynamics
- Philosophical boundaries
- Implications of model framing
Acknowledgments
Additional information
- Conflict of interest
- Ethical statement
- Use of AI
- Funding
- Author contributions
- Author ORCIDs
- Data availability
References

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